mtDNA in Ashkenazi Jews: Extreme Bottleneck or FOUNDER EFFECT?

 

mtDNA in Ashkenazi Jews: Extreme Bottleneck FOUNDER EFFECT

 

Approximately 80–90% of all Ashkenazi Jews today belong to just four mtDNA haplogroups: K1a1b1a, K1a9, K2a2a, and N1b2.

 K1a1b1a~40–50%

K1a9~15–20%

K2a2a~10–15%

N1b2~8–12%

Timing of the Bottleneck FOUNDERS:

Coalescence ages (TMRCA) of these four major Ashkenazi founder clades cluster tightly around ~700–2,000 years ago (roughly 30–80 generations ago). The most commonly cited estimate from multiple studies (Behar 2006, Costa 2013, Fernández 2021) is ~1,000–1,500 years ago, which corresponds very roughly to 30–50 generations


In Halakha (traditional Jewish religious law, accepted by Orthodox and Conservative Judaism and by the State of Israel for purposes of the Law of Return):

  • Jewish status is transmitted exclusively through the maternal line.
  • A person is Jewish if their mother is Jewish, regardless of the father’s ancestry.

  • A person with only a Jewish father (and a non-Jewish mother) is not considered Jewish unless they formally convert.

     

Why this directly explains the mtDNA pattern

  1. Only women who were already recognized as Jewish could pass Jewish identity to the next generation. → Their mtDNA was automatically included in the future gene pool.

 

 

Result after ~40–50 generations of this practice

  • Maternal lines were reduced to just a handful of successful Jewish women living around 800–1300 CE (the famous “four or five great-grandmothers” for ~80–90% of Ashkenazim today).
  • Paternal lines continued to accumulate new founders (converts, intermarriages where the man joined the community, etc.), so Y-DNA stayed diverse.

 

 Extra evidence:

The oldest complete Torah scroll that has been carbon dated is from the University of Bologna, dating between 1155 and 1225 CE. 

The oldest surviving manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud is the Munich Talmud, completed in 1342. 

The oldest surviving manuscript of the Jerusalem Talmud is the Leiden manuscript, which dates back to 1289.

Yiddish is a Germanic language that appeared quite recently (earliest document is from 1272).  753 years ago. 
Not to mention Hebrew was made up after 1948. 
 
 
 
Adam born c. 2,300 years ago (Star Mesarthim conjunct Aries 0, a degree of precession AFTER star Sheratan conj Aries 0 - ''the Garden of Eden'' (and the exile from Egypt '- being kicked out of Europe + Egypt = Ta Meri Esh = Atena ESH = Atena's GARDEN > Eden).




 
 
 
 
 

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